Tax Day!

Are your taxes done? Filed?

The filing deadline for individuals was March 1 in 1913 (the first year of a federal income tax), and was changed to March 15 in 1918 and again to April 15 in 1955, in order to give individuals adequate time to gather their information from the previous year, organize the data and file accurately for what was due.

Punctuation marks aren’t deductible, apparently

One section of the Internal Revenue Code – 341(e)(1), if you must know – has, from the first capital letter to when you finally hit a period, more words than Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address.
The section, which deals with collapsible corporations, was repealed in 2004. It probably wasn’t because of the run-on sentence, but you never know.

Can’t buy me love – or tax relief

George Harrison wrote Beatles song “Taxman” as an attack on the high levels of progressive tax in Britain at the time. The lyric “There’s one for you, 19 for me” was in reference to the 95 percent “supertax” that the Beatles were subject to because of their income level.

The U.S. is no stranger to high marginal rates. During the latter part of World War II, the highest was 90 percent. (The effective or “real” rate was substantially less, it must be noted.) For comparison, right now, the highest marginal rate is 39.6 percent.

It happens in other countries, too, Director Ingmar Bergman and tennis player Bjorn Borg both left Sweden for Monaco because the tax rates were so high.

By the way, if you decide to follow their lead and leave the U.S. for tax-protest reasons, be aware that you’ll face a steep charge. An exit fee when you take your money oyut of the USA.

When the government takes your shorts

There have been many colorful acts of tax rebellion. There is one real case, well documented, in which taxpayers owed the government money and paid it with a check written on underwear… And the government cashed them.

Got a student loan? Pay attention

When student loans mature and start accruing interest, that interest is a deduction ­– but not just any deduction. It is what’s called an above-the-line deduction, with the “line” being the line of adjusted gross income on the form.

So what does that mean? Even if you take a standard deduction rather than itemized, you can still take a deduction for the student-loan interest on top of that.

Many people don’t realize, leaving their loan interest on the table.

One caveat: If Mom or Dad still list you as a dependent, you can’t claim it. But they might be able to.

We know your pets are family, but … well, they’re not, actually

Many people have tried to claim a pet as a dependent. No matter how much you love your pets (even if you love them more than your family), they can’t be claimed as a dependent.

People also have tried, unsuccessfully, to claim well-tipped restaurant servers as dependents, as well as deductions for donated blood, semen and eggs.

But you can claim this as a deduction

Gender-reassignment surgery is deductible, as long as the person is properly diagnosed with gender identity disorder or gender dysphoria.

This has not always been true, but even the IRS changes with the times and with changes in the medical community.

Everyone owes taxes – everyone

One of the big misconceptions  is that people think they didn’t owe any tax if they get a refund. You DID owe tax; you just overpaid.

And before you get too excited about that refund, remember that getting one means you gave the government an interest-free loan. If that’s less than palatable, you might want to revisit your withholding setup.

Even people in space

However, residents of the International Space Station are technically out of the country, so they trigger an automatic two-month extension. And they probably e-file.

Speaking of space explorers, there’s a story that members of the Apollo missions got hazard pay, and that was taxable ­– even though it was earned on the moon.

About that, ahem, side business

All income, even illegal income, is supposed to be claimed on your taxes.

Don’t believe it? Ask infamous gangster Al Capone, sentenced to 11 years in federal prison for not paying income tax on his ill-gotten gains. Of course, he also responsible for countless deaths, but it was the taxes that landed him in the clink.

And finally, for those of you who still aren’t finished with your taxes

Most people do not understand the nature of tax extensions… you can request one, and it gives you another six months to file and prepare. But it doesn’t give you another 6 months to pay any tax you owe. So if you owe money to the government, be aware that interest and penalties start accruing after midnight April 15, even if you don’t have to file for months because of an extension.

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Family Preparedness Webinar

On Thursday, April 16, 2015 at 2 P.M. Eastern Time America’s PrepareAthon! is hosting a webinar, “Easy Ways to Help Prepare Your Family for Disasters.”  The webinar panelists are mothers and well-known bloggers. They will offer valuable insights on preparedness and give their perspective on actions you can take before a disaster strikes. Let’s meet the panelists: 

Shelle Wells is a preparedness enthusiast and blogger who is passionate about spreading the disaster preparedness message. She lives in the Pacific Northwest and started her blog in 2012 during National Preparedness Month which takes place every September. Shelle works to “take the scared out of being prepared” by offering readers easy-to-do preparedness skills on her website three times a week. For the webinar, Shelle will discuss how to assemble and update your emergency supplies with a shopping checklist. Follow Shelle on Twitter at @PreparednessMa.

Erica Mueller is the owner of the Mom Prepares website.  In addition, she is a part-time web developer who has a love for all things information technology. Erica is a huge fan of cloud computing, especially when it comes to backing up important documents, files, and photos. For the webinar, Erica has chosen to discuss how to collect and safeguard critical documents using both physical and online solutions. Follow Erica and her website team on Twitter at @MomPrepares.

Tanya Ferraro is no stranger to disaster preparedness. She is the Training and Exercise Coordinator for the Fairfax County Health Department. In addition, she coordinated three Medical Reserve Corps units from southwest to central Virginia. She is a member of Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) and a champion of the Virtual Operations Support Team (VOST) model in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Tanya is passionate about educating, motivating, and training others to care about their own preparedness. During the presentation, Tanya will discuss how to develop and test emergency communications plans. Follow Tanya on Twitter at @tjlasagna. 

Shelly Lopez-Gray works as a clinical nurse coordinator for Texas Children’s Hospital Pavilion for Women and a labor and delivery nurse for Houston Methodist San Jacinto Hospital. During the webinar, Shelly will discuss disaster preparedness for pregnant women and parents with infants. Follow Shelly on Twitter at @shellylopezgray.

We hope you’re able to join the conversation. Closed captioning will be provided. Register today!

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Ways to improve your Ergonomic Health

When people hear the words “safety training,” hard hats and yellow tape spring to mind. But did you know that the most common workplace injuries are related to everyday strains and repetitive tasks? In fact, ergonomic injuries are the most frequently reported workplace injury.

Although the term sounds complex and foreign, ergonomic injuries are commonplace and make up the majority of office injuries. They can include joint deterioration, tendon inflammation, and muscle problems. Because these injuries develop in joints and muscles and don’t often involve breaks or serious illness, they can form over time or happen all at once.

Most ergonomic injuries arise from repetitive movements, awkward posture, and overextension during moments of everyday exertion. They can also arise from repetitive pressure, exposure to vibrations, and exposure to fluctuations in temperature.

With increasing digitization of work resources and programs, employees spend more and more time each day at their desks, staring at computer screen. In fact, many chronic issues related to ergonomics—such as back problems and hypertension—have seen dramatic increases (as much as double) with the use of computers in the workplace. Anywhere from 20 to 40 percent of office workers annually report being affected. Additionally, ergonomic problems disproportionately affect older workers and those already affected by chronic health issues.

In recent years potential ergonomic problems have become a major concern in many types of businesses. Many facilities are now devoting significant time and effort to controlling the twisting, turning, stretching and other motions that place stress and strain on employees’ bodies.

Our training products on “Industrial Ergonomics” focus on potential ergonomic problems in manufacturing, assembly and warehouse environments, and cover recognizing ergonomic problems, potential adverse effects, and pragmatic solutions employees can use to address to these problems. Topics covered in these products include:

• Physiology of the body.
• Parts of the body most affected.
• Eye strain.
• Pragmatic preventative measures.
• Correct use of office equipment.
• Exercises and stress release.
• and more.

Ergonomic injuries can mean big expenditures for a business. They cause serious pain and debilitation, are difficult to properly diagnose, and can easily put an end someone’s career on the job site or at the office. There are often no cures for ergonomic injuries because repetitive movement and time usually play such a large role in how they develop. However, there are important things you can do to prevent these types of injuries from gaining traction.
Here are 5 ways you can prevent ergonomic injury:

1. Watch your posture

Whether an ergonomic injury happens all at once or gradually, posture helps build the muscles that prevent strains and helps slow deterioration by supporting joints. Keep the weight of your arms supported at all times, and square your body to your computer monitor. Avoid eyestrain by keeping your screen at arm’s length. If you’re on the phone frequently, use a headset to avoid neck problems.

2. Stay mobile and supported

Many diseases and clotting conditions can affect the leg’s blood vessels. Many can also be prevented by regular movement and stretching. Be sure to get up from your work station at frequent intervals throughout the day to stretch and walk around. Many exercises that improve circulation can be done within the confines of an office. Taking a break from your computer will also relieve eye strain and promote the natural movement of your ocular muscles.
If you work on your feet, it’s important to support your body with proper footwear. In some cases, back support can also be used to prevent similar injuries and strains.

3. Use the tools at your disposal

Many back injuries happen because employees were lifting improperly, either without appropriate help or with improper or no tools. Remember to lift from the legs without bending your back and ask for a hand if objects are awkwardly sized or weigh too much to lift. There is no universal standard for how heavy an object can be before you must use a lift or ask for help, so use your own judgment and listen to your body. Additionally, use power tools whenever possible to avoid carpal tunnel syndrome.

4. Keep healthy

Health is a major contributing factor to ergonomic injuries. Getting regular exercise outside the office can go a long way to preventing injury and has the added bonus of extending your life. Stay hydrated and maintain proper nutrition to avoid muscle cramps and problems. Fatigue can also play a role in many forms of stress, so be sure to get a good night’s rest.

5. Avoid risky behavior

Many ergonomic injuries happen from overextension. You can prevent them by avoiding activities that you know may put you at risk. Don’t be afraid or embarrassed to let your boss know that you think something is outside of your physical capabilities. If an activity or working condition seems unsafe, report it and defuse the situation before it turns into a workplace injury.

Every job makes a different set of demands on the body. Today the issue of how this impacts employees, and what can be done to reduce or eliminate adverse effects is receiving a lot of attention. While there is much debate about many aspects of ergonomics, everyone agrees on one thing… that is by using proper ergonomic techniques, employees can be safer and more productive as well as feel better at the end of the day.
Our training products on “Office Ergonomics” address how to recognize ergonomic problems, the potential of adverse effects and practical solutions employees themselves can use to help deal with ergonomic problems in the office. Topics covered in the products include:

• Physiology of the body.
• Parts of the body most affected.
• Eye strain.
• Pragmatic preventative measures.
• Correct use of office equipment.
• Exercises and stress release.
• and more.

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How To Baby Proof Your Home

When you first bring your baby home from the hospital, there’s not a lot he or she will be able to get into — that’s because, babies are still too small to crawl or pull objects down. However, in only a few short months, he or she can be reaching, climbing and/or knocking over all sorts of everyday items. That’s why now is a great time to think about baby proofing your home. Even before you bring your precious little one home for the first time, it’s never too early to start covering electrical sockets and fastening cabinets. With that in mind, here’s a checklist of steps to guard all the major parts of your home:

• Cover Electrical Outlets: Buy safety plugs for all unused electrical outlets to protect curious fingers from poking inside.

• Hide Electrical Cords: Keep easy-to-grab electrical cords out of reach by hiding them behind furniture or using devices that tuck away loose cords.

• Install Doorstops: As your child gets increasingly mobile, it will be easy to push doors and accidentally get caught in a latch. Protect babies’ fingers by adding doorstops and door holders to doors throughout your home.

• Install Baby Gates: Anywhere you have staircases that your child can access, you’ll need a baby gate to block him or her from falling. Block stairways at the tops and bottoms so that your little one isn’t able to accidentally take a tumble.

• Block Openings on Railings: If there are any openings on staircase railings that are wider than 4 inches in size, use materials like Plexiglas or garden fencing to block them. Even though 5 inches may seem small, it can be large enough for a baby to reach through and/or get stuck, so you need to be proactive about preventing accidents.

• Put an Appliance Latch on the Oven and Fridge: Protect your baby from accidental oven burns by securing the door of your oven with an appliance latch — this keeps him or her from being able to open the oven and reach inside when it’s cooking. Likewise, install an appliance latch on the refrigerator door to prevent unauthorized access or injury.

• Store Dangerous Items Out of Reach: From kitchen knives to breakable knick-knacks, store any and all potentially dangerous items high and out of reach of your baby.

• Secure All Low Cabinets: Any doors or drawers low enough for a crawling baby to reach should be secured to prevent access. This goes for kitchen and bathroom cabinets, as well as any other low areas that could be easy to open.

• Tuck Away Trash: Keep trash cans in protected cupboards or choose models that have child-resistant covers in order to keep your baby from getting into something he or she shouldn’t.

The bottom line with baby proofing is to try and think like a crawling infant and then get rid of all the opportunities for harm. In addition to the checklist above, try getting on your hands and knees and moving through your living areas the way your child might: What could you grab? What could easily fall on you? Are there better places to move lamps or heavy items? Identify any possible dangers and take steps to remedy them before they can cause harm to your child!

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The Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack

Heart Attack – Signs & Symptoms

 Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of a heart attack can be the most critical step in saving your own life, or the life of a loved one. If an artery leading to the heart becomes blocked, the affected tissues of the heart will begin to die almost immediately. This is called a heart attack. A heart attack does NOT mean that the heart has stopped. Rather, it is a warning; indicating that the heart may stop at any moment. Do not perform CPR on an individual who is still breathing, instead, identify the problem, call 911 immediately, and monitor the victim. The signs and symptoms of a heart attack may include:

1. A crushing pain, pressure or squeezing sensation in the center of the chest lasting 2 minutes or longer. This pain may begin to radiate up toward the neck, back or out toward the left arm.
2. Tightness of the chest. Patients may describe the sensation as if someone were sitting on their chest, causing breathing difficulty. This may intensify with activity. Any chest pain or breathing difficulty should be immediately reported to 911.
3. Other signs may include pale/ashen, cool, and moist skin. This is not the hot sweat you might get from exercise, but more like the cold sweat you get from doing your taxes. The victim may also experience nausea and/or dizziness.
4. Denial is another very common response to this kind of emergency. Do not allow yourself to be dissuaded. Heart attack victims often claim that their pains are due to indigestion, heartburn, asthma, or illness. The longer that you argue with the victim over the validity of their claims, the less time they may have to live. Go to the another room if necessary and call 911 before the heart stops.

 As the heart tissue continues to die, a critical mass may be reached and the heart will stop beating. This is called Cardiac Arrest. If CPR is not initiated immediately, the victim will be brain dead in 4 to 6 minutes. If the EMS is notified early, Cardiac Arrest may be avoided and greatly increase the patient’s chances of survival. Remember, the best chance of surviving a heart attack occurs when signs and symptoms are recognized early. Be ready for such an emergency and do not hesitate to call 911 for assistance.

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3 key safety measures for the prevention of vehicle fires

A lack of basic car maintenance is one of the biggest sources of vehicle fires. A car that is not regularly serviced by a mechanic who has been professionally trained is far more susceptible to the risk of a fire, as is a car that has not had its MOT carried out by a reputable garage.

Leaks of oil, petrol and other inflammable fluids should be dealt with immediately to avoid the potential of a fire related accident. A good way to check for vehicle leaks is to look underneath the car to see if the ground appears wet, discolored or stained. If you do find a leak, take the car to a garage as soon as possible so that the car can be made safe. Older cars are far more likely to have issues related to wiring or electrical problems and fuses that blow more than once can indicate a more serious underlying problem that should be addressed immediately. Rapid changes in engine temperature can also result in problems.

During the summer months, the threat of a vehicle fire is significantly increased. It goes without saying that throwing a lit cigarette out of the window on dry grass or close to litter is not only a risk to the vehicle, but to the surrounding area and also any wildlife. Fires can spread very quickly at this time of year and rapidly become out of hand when the grass is dry. Litter can be highly flammable, particularly aerosols and many other materials particularly plastics are a source of toxic fumes.

• Have your vehicle serviced regularly
• Check regularly under the car for any signs of leaks
• Park safely and away from flammable materials, or other substances that could set fire rapidly such as long grass and litter, especially during summer months.

Although picnic trips in the summer are one of life’s greatest pleasures you need to take special precautions to ensure that you do not park your car on long dry grass. If grass is allowed to touch the catalytic converter for example, this poses a significant risk. Any heat source that connects with dry grass has the potential to cause a fire.

Having a fire extinguisher on hand is a very sensible measure and means that small incidents can be safely dealt with before they become bigger problems. However it is important to have the right type of fire extinguisher to deal with the problem. For example trying to put out an electrical fire with a water extinguisher can lead to electrocution.

A good all round fire extinguisher to have on hand is a powder based extinguisher. These are suitable for Class A fires (wood, textiles and paper), Class B fires (petrol, oil, paint and tar) and Class C fires (flammable gasses). Choose an extinguisher that is BS EN3 standard. A 1kg powder extinguisher comes is a compact size which can be easily stored in a car boot, some even come with mounting brackets so they can be affixed to the wall of a garage.

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 Now this is really CPR 101!

Longest save on record! 101 minutes of CPR revived the victim!

It is a common part of learning CPR to be taught that immersion in cold water can extend the period of Clinical Death beyond the normal 4-6 minutes prior to irreversible brain death, but this one is amazing!

Clinical Death/ Biological Death
Allow me to take a moment to explain what happens when an individual’s breathing and heartbeat stop. The first stage is called Clinical Death. Clinical death is not necessarily permanent. An individual’s brain can stay alive for about 4-6 minutes after breathing and heartbeat have stopped. This isn’t much time, but it is our “Window of Survival.” If appropriate medical care is initiated within the first minutes of cardiac arrest, the individual has a much greater chance of survival. Many individuals have survived because of early entry into the Emergency Medical System (EMS), and prompt bystander CPR and Defibrillation. If more than 4-6 minutes elapse, however, the individual will most likely experience permanent and irreversible brain damage or Biological Death.

One hour and 41 minutes of CPR later, a Mifflinburg toddler regained his pulse and heart rate after being submerged in icy water at least 20 minutes — and may well be a medical miracle, said a Geisinger Medical Center physician, among about 50 people who had a hand in saving the 22-month-old child.

According to the The Daily Item, not only was the boy resuscitated, he’s also recovered neurologically, said Dr. Frank Maffei, director of pediatric intensive care at Janet Weis Children’s Hospital in Danville.
The child eventually wound up at Janet Weis for treatment via Mifflinburg EMS, Evangelical Community Hospital and Life Flight medical helicopter after he was pulled from a swift-moving creek in West Buffalo Township.

The child was discharged Sunday after five days in the hospital, and physicians will continue to watch his health. “But at this time, he has a highly favorable recovery,” Maffei said.

The 50 people include the neighbor who pulled the boy from the creek to the responding medical professional chain who kept the CPR going, Maffei said. “It was teamwork like I had never seen and a privilege to be part of,” he said.

“As far as we can tell, there is no evidence of gross brain damage,” the doctor said of the boy. “He ambulates, speaks, remembers his (siblings.) He asked for apple juice and played with trucks.”

Plunge and recovery



The child’s story began last Wednesday about 6 p.m. along Emery Road in Mifflinburg. According to state police at Milton, the toddler disappeared while playing near a small creek with two older siblings.

He was found face down about a quarter-mile downstream, stopped by a large branch, Maffei said. It was here a neighbor, who Maffei identified as Randall Beachel, of Mifflinburg, got the child from the water. Beachel did not return a phone call for comment by deadline Monday.

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Triage

What is Triage?

~ Assessing and Assisting for More than One Victim ~

If you encounter an accident scene where there is more than one victim, you will need to prioritize your care to help the most number of people.

Try to assess the victims as quickly as possible by type…timing is critical so doing so within the first minute or so is the goal.

The first step is classifying the injured victims into four groups.

1. Critical Injuries (Immediate)– These are people with life threatening injuries that may be cared for successfully by your immediate care. ~ Examples may include respiratory arrest, airway obstruction, heart attack, severe bleeding, severe shock, severe burns, open chest wounds, abdominal wounds, unconscious/unresponsive victims & spinal injuries.
2. Serious Injuries (Delayed) – These are people who do not have life-threatening injuries and the victim appears to be in stable condition. Examples may include bone fractures, moderate bleeding, moderate burns or other illnesses which are not life threatening.
3. Walking Injured (Minor) – These people may be injured, but are able to move and walk on their own. They will probably appear to be stable and should be asked to move to a safe location to be treated later.
4. Fatal Injuries (Deceased) – These are people who are most likely biologically dead. Examples may include victims who have been decapitated or have severed trunks, have exposed brain matter, have burns over 90% of their bodies, or victims who have been in cardiac arrest for more than 20 minutes, but have not been exposed to cold weather or cold water drowning.

Do not move any victim unless they are in an area which is more life threatening than their injuries.

• Triage situations are extremely stressful and traumatic…
• Try to remain calm and do the best you can.
• If you follow these guidelines, you may be able to help several people.
• Remember to always activate EMS so help is on the way

Triage Supplies

 

Everything for START Triage (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) from Triage Tags and Triage Tarps to Triage Incident Command & Triage Units on Wheels, Triage Tape: Minor, Morgue, Delayed, Immediate.

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Bleeding Control

Soft Tissue Injuries / Bleeding Control

Some common types of soft tissue injuries and bleeding control, and their treatments:

Let’s begin with a simple contusion.  A contusion is another name for a bruise.  It is usually caused by blunt trauma; as in the case of a baseball bat striking an arm, or pressure; like a hickey or “love bite” on your neck.  The purple discoloration is caused by crushed blood vessels leaking blood into the surrounding tissues.  Often these areas will swell with other body fluids and cause lingering pain or discomfort.  If we begin by analyzing any potential life threatening situations, it would be safe to make a few initial assumptions: A person suffering only from a contusion will likely have:

1. Breathing,
2. Pulse
3. No severe bleeding.

Having eliminated some potential life threatening situations, we can proceed with the proper treatment, which is the careful application of ice.  An ice pack will constrict the injured blood vessels to help control bleeding, reduce swelling in the area, and eliminate some of the pain.  A special warning about ice: Never apply ice directly to the skin as prolonged contact may result in frostbite.



Other common soft tissue injuries & treatment:

• Nosebleed / Epistaxis
• Scrapes & Abrasions
• Cuts, Incisions and Lacerations
• Direct Pressure-Elevation-Pressure Points

A puncture wound occurs when a long, sharp object, like a nail, enters and exits the body, leaving a deep hole.  Of all the wounds listed so far, puncture wounds are the most likely to become seriously infected.  Infection occurs when bacteria from the nail are embedded deep into the body, and cleaning efforts are insufficient to remove them.  Puncture wounds often heal from the outside in, sealing off the open wound and creating an abscess, breeding bacteria in an anaerobic environment.  Gangrene and tetanus are two examples of this type of infection.  Both are extremely dangerous and can be prevented by early treatment by a physician.

An impalement occurs when an object becomes lodged in the tissue or bones of an individual.  An example might be a fishhook or a shaft of rebar from a construction site.  Consider the possibility of patient shock anytime an object is visibly embedded in the body.  Generally, treatment for impalement involves immobilization of the embedded object to prevent further damage, and treating the patient for shock.  An object that pierces through a section of the body may have damaged organs, muscles, or punctured major arteries.  Any motion of the object (including removal) may result in more damage, or massive internal bleeding.  Bulky dressings like rolls of bandage or a paper cup placed over the impaling object are recommended to reduce the likelihood of accidental motion while awaiting EMS.  (Remember to punch the hole in the cup before placing it over the object if this method is used)

An avulsion is the forcible removal of a section of soft tissue.  An example might be an earlobe or fingertip.  It is important to remember the life threatening situations we mentioned earlier in the presentation, as avulsions tend to have several priorities at once.  First, control the bleeding.  Second, treat for shock.  And third, locate and isolate the body part.  Be very careful not to come into contact with the blood.  Place the body part in a plastic bag, wrap in a towel, and keep it cool with ice.  Make sure the body part accompanies the victim to the hospital, as they will usually want it back.

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Prescription Drug Overdose Prevention

Last Friday, CDC released RFA-CE15-1501, Prescription Drug Overdose Prevention for States. This major new funding opportunity will provide state health departments with resources and support to advance comprehensive state-level interventions for preventing prescription drug overuse, misuse, abuse, and overdose.



CDC’s Injury Center intends to commit up to $55,600,000 total funding over the entire 4-year project period with a maximum of $1,000,000 per award per year. This funding will support approximately 16 states to implement prevention strategies to improve safe prescribing practices and turn the tide on the prescription drug overdose epidemic.

With this funding, states can pursue four priority strategies—two required and two optional.

Required strategies:

1. Enhance and maximize a state PDMP and
2. Implement community or insurer/health system interventions aimed at preventing prescription drug overdose and abuse

Optional strategies:

1. Conduct policy evaluations and/or
2. Develop and implement Rapid Response Projects.

A key to the success of this FOA is multi-sector collaboration with partners that have shared authority over this issue. Applicants are therefore required to submit letters of support from state-level governmental entities and other partners depending on the strategies they pursue. Awardees will also be expected to evaluate program activities using timely data from a variety of sources.

This funding announcement also presents opportunities to advance surveillance and evaluation efforts to understand and respond to the increase in heroin overdose deaths, especially at the intersection of prescription opioid abuse and heroin use. Funded states will track heroin morbidity and mortality as an outcome of their work and have opportunities to evaluate policies with implications for preventing both prescription drug and heroin overdoses (e.g., naloxone access policies).

Important Dates

• Applications due: May 8, 2015
• Informational call: March 11, 2015

Learn More

• The funding opportunity announcement can be found at http://www.grants.gov. Note that amendments to the announcement focus and application dates are possible. Please check for updates on www.grants.gov.

Learn more about CDC’s work to prevent prescription drug overdose deaths.

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Direct Pressure, Elevation, and Pressure Points

To apply direct pressure, place a sterile dressing directly on the wound and hold firmly in place.
Do not remove the dressing once applied.

If bleeding continues, add more dressings on top of the existing one, and elevate the wound above the level of the heart.

Elevation allows gravity to assist you in controlling the bleeding.  If direct pressure and elevation are not effective, it may be necessary to locate an appropriate pressure point.

A pressure point is a major artery leading to the injury site.  If pressure is applied on this artery, it will restrict blood pressure and blood flow to the affected area.  It may not stop all the bleeding, but when performed in conjunction with direct pressure and elevation, it is very effective in controlling bleeding.  Major pressure points in the body include the brachial artery (located along the humerus, between the underarm and the elbow, and between the bicep and the tricep), the radial artery (located on the underside of the wrists), and the femoral artery (located along the femur, between the hip and the groin).



Because these methods are usually quite effective, it is no longer recommended to apply a tourniquet.  Even when properly applied, a tourniquet may stop all necessary blood flow to a body part, and can result in the loss of the affected limb. The use of a tourniquet should be avoided except in extreme circumstances. Even proper application of a tourniquet will often result in the loss of the affected limb. Use a tourniquet only as a last resort to save the life of a bleeding victim, and only if all three other techniques have failed to control the bleeding.

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Incisions and lacerations

Incisions and lacerations are differentiated by their shape, and by their mechanism of injury.  Incisions are usually clean slices cause by sharp objects like a razor, a knife, or shard of glass.  Lacerations are irregular and jagged tears of the skin, caused by animal bites or motor vehicle accidents.  A superficial incision or laceration may require simple cleaning and the application of a sterile dressing.  If severe bleeding is present however, a different method must be used.   The combination of Direct Pressure, Elevation, and Pressure Points is very effective in controlling bleeding.  Remember to use proper personal protective equipment such as latex (or non-latex) gloves, goggles, or facemasks whenever you may come into contact with the blood or body fluid of another individual.

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Shock

What is “Shock”?

Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion, which means that, during shock, the tissues of the body do not receive adequate oxygenation.  Shock is a potentially lethal condition that can be caused by a number of things.  Injuries involving blood loss, burns, significant pain, allergic reactions, or simply fear or neglect can trigger shock in an individual.  If left untreated, shock can progress to the point where the majority of the body’s blood is made unavailable to vital tissues and organs, causing a drop in body temperature, lowered level of consciousness, and ultimately organ failure and death.

Because shock is commonly associated with other types of injury, it is important to recognize the signs and symptoms of shock while you are treating a victim, before it becomes deadly.  The signs of shock are as follows: restlessness and anxiety, pale, cool, and clammy skin, rapid, weak pulse and breathing, pupil dilation, and finally confusion and unresponsiveness.  If you encounter an individual experiencing these signs and symptoms, immediately begin treatment by calming and reassuring the victim.  Lie the victim down in a position of comfort on the floor or other firm surface.  Maintain the victim’s body heat by applying a blanket.  And, if injuries permit, elevate the feet 8”–12” to help circulate blood to the more critical areas.  If the victim becomes unconscious, activate EMS and roll the person on their side to allow drainage of fluids from the mouth.

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American Red Cross Month

It is American Red Cross Month.

The White House has declared March to be American Red Cross Month (as it has every Month since the mid 1940’s!) This year, the proclamation singled out and recognized Clara Barton, the Red Cross founder, her achievements, and her legacy.

Think about First Aid, Emergency Preparedness, and Get your Ready Rating!



Read the proclamation:

AMERICAN RED CROSS MONTH, 2015

– – – – – – –

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
A PROCLAMATION

For more than 130 years, the devoted women and men of the American Red Cross have responded to challenges at home and abroad with compassion and generosity.  In times of conflict and great tragedy, they deliver humanitarian relief, save lives, and offer hope for a brighter tomorrow.  Their service has meant so much to so many, and it reflects a fundamental American truth:  we look out for one another and we do not leave anyone behind.  This month, we renew our sense of common purpose and honor all those whose sacrifices have made our society more prepared, resilient, and united.

As a nurse and educator, Clara Barton dedicated her life to caring for others and alleviating suffering.  After years of tending to soldiers and families in their hour of need, she established the American Red Cross, creating a force for peace and recovery in the wake of the Civil War and opening paths for millions across our Nation to serve their brothers and sisters. In the generations that followed, the American Red Cross and other service and relief organizations have combated pandemics, supported our Armed Forces, and provided disaster relief and mitigation worldwide.

In big cities and rural towns, American Red Cross volunteers support their communities, helping people donate blood, teaching first aid, and increasing local preparedness.  Last year, our Nation once again bore witness to their grit and resolve as thousands mobilized in response to devastating mudslides, tornadoes, wildfires, and other emergencies.  As selfless individuals step forward — as neighbors assist neighbors, schools transform into shelters, and donations become hot meals and dry clothes — they carry forward Barton’s legacy and safeguard the promise that in moments of darkness, there is hope.  They remind us that when we stand together, America emerges stronger.

Our Nation has always been shaped by ordinary Americans who dedicate their lives to achieving the extraordinary.  During American Red Cross Month, let us ask what we can do for those around us and resolve to make service to others a part of our everyday lives.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America and Honorary Chairman of the American Red Cross, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim March 2015 as American Red Cross Month.  I encourage all Americans to observe this month with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities, and by supporting the work of service and relief organizations.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-seventh day of February, in the year of our Lord two thousand fifteen, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and thirty-ninth.

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Splints & Splinting

SPLINTS -There are three types of splints:

An anatomic splint uses the natural rigidity of the body to provide support for an injured area.  For example, an injured finger may be immobilized by taping it securely to another finger.

A soft splint, such as a pillow, towel, or sling can provide support if secured properly around an injured area.

A rigid splint will provide support by its natural rigidity.  Some examples of a rigid splint include magazines, cardboard, or a tree branch.

Remember that splinting is only necessary if you are required to move a victim before help arrives.  Take special care to immobilize the head and neck of anyone suspected of having a spinal injury.  Remember also, to splint in the position that you find the injury. Proper immobilization must include support above and below the point of injury.  In all cases involving splints:

1. Support the injury.
2. Check for feeling and color in extremities.
3. Apply and secure the splint.
4. Recheck the extremities to ensure that the splint has not restricted circulation.

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Musculoskeletal Injuries

Fractures & Dislocations
One type of fracture is known as a closed or simple fracture.  It is characterized by pain, swelling, contusion, and sometimes deformity.  Be sure to evaluate the extremities for loss of pulse, motion, or sensation.  Take care to thoroughly immobilize any injury of this type as any shifting of the broken bone ends may cause increased pain and significant damage.
An open or compound fracture occurs when a broken bone end protrudes from the skin, either at the time of the injury, or later through motion or mishandling.  This is a more serious injury due to the possibility of patient shock, infection, or additional internal damage.  Do not replace the bone end, or attempt to straighten the injury.

A dislocation is an injury to the capsule and ligaments of a joint that results in displacement of the bone end at the joint.  It is not an injury to the bone itself, but rather to the ligaments which connect the bones together.  If a dislocation is not immobilized immediately, it may allow the ligaments to tear or separate from the bone.  A torn or separated ligament will require surgery to repair and often takes several months to heal correctly.
Tendons and ligaments are, in a sense, the glue that holds the body together.  Composed of specialized connective tissue, tendons connect muscle to bone while ligaments connect bone to bone.  Tendons and ligaments, as well as muscles, can be bruised, crushed, cut, or torn, and are also included in the category of musculoskeletal injuries.

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Everyone Lives in a Flood Zone

Did you know that? It is true!
According to FloodSmart.gov, everyone everywhere is in a flood zone. In the last 5 years, all 50 states have experienced floods or flash floods.

What are flood zones?

Flood zones are land areas identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Each flood zone describes that land area in terms of its risk of flooding. Everyone lives in a flood zone–it’s just a question of whether you live in a low, moderate, or high risk area.

• Just a few inches of water from a flood can cause tens of thousands of dollars in damage.
• Flash floods often bring walls of water 10 to 20 feet high.
• A car can easily be carried away by just two feet of floodwater.
• Hurricanes, winter storms and snowmelt are common (but often overlooked) causes of flooding.
• New land development can increase flood risk, especially if the construction changes natural runoff paths.
• Read more about Floods

Disaster, Survival, Preparation

Survival Gear: Disaster, Emergency Preparedness, Camping & Survival Supply 72 Hour Emergency Preparedness Supplies for Earthquake, Hurricane, Tornado, Twister, Nuclear Disasters, Wilderness Survival & More… C.E.R.T. & F.E.M.A. Disaster, Survival, & Preparation! Think about preparedness; at home, at work, at school, even in your car.What should you do? Check your Emergency Plan and Evacuation Routes everywhere you normally spend time. Make sure you have an out of State contact for you, your friends and your family (long distance phone service is usually restored before local – and mobile services and internet will likely not work in a major disaster.) Of course, you should Check your Emergency Supplies, too: Count your stock… is it enough? Check your expiration dates (food, water, batteries) Keep cash on hand Don’t let your gas tank get below half-full Think-Plan-Prepare-Survive!

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Strains And Sprains

A strain is an injury to a muscle or a tendon, possibly by being overextended or stretched.  A sprain is an injury to a joint with possible damage to, or tearing of ligaments.

Musculoskeletal injuries are usually associated with external forces such as falls or vehicle collisions.  The force applied to the body may cause injuries to the surrounding soft tissues (e.g., nerves and arteries), and even to body areas distant from the injury site.

Muscle strains are often caused by the improper lifting of heavy objects.  The back and spine are very susceptible to injury, and even minor strains in these areas can be debilitating.  Other commonly strained areas include the quadriceps, hamstrings, groin, and calf muscles.

A sprain can be very severe because of the damage it may inflict on the  connective ligaments in the area of a joint.  The pain may be minor or severe, and damage may include stretching or even tearing of these ligaments.  In the case of a torn ligament, medical aid must be sought to reconnect the tissues or permanent disability may result. The signs and symptoms of sprains and strains can include pain and tenderness at the sight of injury, discoloration of the injured area due to ruptured blood vessels in the region, loss of use or coordination, numbness or paleness of extremities (parasthesia), and deformity.

Basic first aid for the treatment of sprains and strains involve the implementation of several steps that are often remembered using the acronym RICE.  R-I-C-E stands for REST, ICE, COMPRESSION, and ELEVATION.

REST = This should be obvious to anyone suffering a severe strain or sprain, but should be observed even by those simply suspecting injury. Rest simply means, “Don’t walk on a sprain.” Repeated use of the injured area may mask the pain, cause further injury, or increase the time needed to heal.

ICE = This is perhaps the most important aspect in dealing with an injury of this type.  Applying ice to the injured area is necessary to control internal bleeding, reduce pain and swelling, and to facilitate the body’s natural healing processes.  Many people prefer the use of heat for sprain and strain injuries. Understanding the physiological changes that take place with each may prevent this mistake from being made.  A sprain or strain often involves the tearing of connective tissues, muscles, and often blood vessels as well. The application of heat will relax the muscles and dilate the walls of the blood vessels in the area.  While a warm spa may sound more inviting than a bucket of ice water, the heat will increase bleeding and swelling in the damaged area, slowing the healing process.  Conversely, ice constricts the blood vessels, slowing the bleeding and reducing painful swelling of the tissues.

CAUTION: DO NOT APPLY ICE DIRECTLY TO SKIN. IT MAY CAUSE FROSTBITE. ALWAYS PLACE A FABRIC BARRIER BETWEEN THE ICE OR COLDPACK AND THE SKIN.

COMPRESSION = A pressure bandage may be applied to restrict blood flow and swelling of the area. Be cautious not to apply a pressure bandage too tightly.  Check distal pulse, movement, sensation, and capillary refill before and after applying a pressure bandage to ensure that the extremities are receiving sufficient circulation.

ELEVATION = Elevation of an injured body part above the level of the heart is another method of controlling blood flow and reducing swelling of the injured area. Do not elevate any area if you suspect it may cause further injury.

The first aid for fractures generally involves immobilization of the injured area, treating for shock, and activating the EMS.  Sometimes, however, it may be necessary to move a patient yourself.  If you must move a patient even a short distance, a splint must be applied to immobilize the injury and prevent further damage.

Instant & reusable Cold Compresses and Hot Packs such as Body Warmers and Hot Packs, Instant Cold Compresses and jack Frost Cold Packs, Reusable Hot and Cold Packs for Instant Treatment of Minor to Moderate Bumps and Bruises. Cold Therapy Supplies and Cold Packs for Sports Injuries.

Body Warmers & Hot Packs Heatworks and Heat Pax Hand, Pocket & Glove Air Activated Instant Charcoal Warmers, Reusable hot packs and warmers, Hot / Cold Packs and Body Warmer Packs including heated Slipper Socks and more. Instant Cold Compresses / Cold Packs Cold Packs and Cold Compresses from only 28¢ each! These Instant “Squeeze and Shake” Cold compresses are perfect for injuries and cold therapy. With our Manufacturer Direct Bulk and Wholesale pricing, nobody can touch these low prices – Instant cold packs are a convenient direct replacement for crushed ice used as first aid on sport injuries. It is also important not to refrigerate before activation. Ice Securing Wrap Shur-Band Elastic Ice Securing Wrap is Ideal for Holding Ice or Hot / Cold Compress in place over an Injury. Excellent for cold compression therapy and ideal for knees, shoulders and other hard-to-hold locations in need to hot or cold treatment. Latex-free self-closure bandage that secures and supports without clips, pins or tape. Reusable Hot & Cold Packs Reusable Hot / Cold Packs. Soothing versatility for whatever ails you. Our reusable hot/cold pack provides cold therapy for minor pain and swelling and heat therapy for minor muscle joint pain, stiffness and muscle spasms. See the COOL KIDS PACKS!

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Fire Blankets and Fire Retardant Clothing

What is a Fire Blanket, and What about Fire Retardant Clothing?



Fire blankets are designed to trow over small fires to smother them – fires need oxygen, and depriving them of this will cause them to go out. Older fire Blankets had asbestos in them, so if you are unsure of the age of your fire blanket, you should replace to assure you aren’t introducing new hazards into your environment while eliminating the fire.

With Fire Retardant Clothing, generally there are four types of fiber and or blends: 100% cotton, 88% cotton/12% nylon blends and inherently fire retardant fibers such as Nomex (an aramid) or Modacrylic. It is not unusual to find any of these fibers to be blended with other fibers. With the exception of 100% Cotton, which may wash out after about fifty washes, these fabrics fire retardancy will not wash out. In purchasing any garment one should read the laundering instructions or google them to maximize the life of the item. It should be noted fabric softeners should not be used as they can coat the fabric diminishing the effectiveness of the cloth.

Fire & Emergency Evacuation Gear and Supply – From Fire Axes and Fire Escape Ladders to Barricade “Caution” Tape, Fire Extinguishers, Fire Escape Masks and Kidde Digital Carbon & Fire Alarms – we’ve got your Emergency and Fire Evacuation Supplies in one easy location and at great prices!

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Assess, Alert, and Attend

This is the basic process of recognizing and handling a medical emergency.  The first part of the sequence is Assess. Assessing a scene should take only about 5-15 seconds, although there are a number of important issues that need to be evaluated in this period.  The first thing to determine is whether or not the environment poses a hazard to you as a rescuer.  If a scene is unsafe, do not enter it. This is especially important to remember when dealing with emergencies involving confined spaces and electricity, among others. During this phase you should also attempt to determine the number of victims, the nature of the injuries, and any clues to the cause of the injury.



Once you determine there is an emergency, it is time to Alert the Emergency Medical System. Ask a bystander to activate EMS by calling 911, or if you make the call, remember to speak calmly and include important information such as the location, phone number, and the victim’s condition. If possible, try to use a landline instead of a cell phone. Expect a delay in activating the EMS if a cell phone is the only communication available.

Always hang up last.

Attending to a victim can be anything from stopping bleeding, giving CPR, or simply speaking reassuringly and activating EMS. Don’t wait for someone more qualified to arrive.  If you are there, YOU are the most qualified person available. Your care of an injured person begins as you approach them.  As a first aid caregiver, it is important for you to appear calm and confident in front of a victim, even if you are frightened or confused. Give comfort, reassurance, monitor the victim and explain your actions. Start with a quick, but thorough head-to-toe exam. If the victim is conscious, obtain consent prior to proceeding to Primary Assessment.

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Primary Assessment

Begin your treatment and primary assessment by talking to the victim. If there is more than one victim, use the Triage sections below for assessment and assisting. Evaluate for confusion or unresponsiveness.  If the victim has been unconscious for any length of time, immobilize the head and neck, and activate EMS immediately.  Perform a head-to-toe evaluation.  Look for signs of trauma, bleeding, deformity, embedded or impaling objects, discoloration, or anything that might be of concern.  Be sure to locate any concealed injuries that may be more life threatening than the obvious injuries that you located at first.  To determine if an individual may have a potential fracture, simply ask them if they can move the area without causing pain.  If they are unable to move the area, or if it causes them significant pain, do not allow them to move it, and treat it as if known to be a fracture.



In order to prioritize your treatment, you should be constantly aware of the most life threatening situations.  This becomes even more important when you are dealing with an unconscious patient who cannot relate information to you. It may be necessary to ask yourself several important questions:

Life Threatening Priorities

1. Is there breathing?

2. Is there a pulse?

3. Is there severe bleeding?

4. Is there severe shock?

These items must be dealt with in order of their severity.  For example, although any of these situations could cause a fatality, severe bleeding should not be addressed until steps 1 and 2, breathing and heartbeat, have been remedied, as these are a more immediate threat to life.

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Animal Bites and Stings

Animal Bites and Stings can include venom or toxin from bees, spiders, dogs, snakes, jellyfish, and stingrays among others. A major concern of any toxin introduced into the human body is anaphylaxis, or severe allergic reaction. If a bee stings an allergic individual, for example, the swelling may be so rapid and severe as to block off the airway and cause suffocation. Some treatments that may be prescribed for the individual include antihistamines to reduce swelling, or a shot of epinephrine (or adrenaline). If you know severely allergic individuals, you should become familiar with their treatment and how to assist them in an emergency.



For bee stings, remove the stinger and poison sac by scraping it with a credit card. Do not try to remove it with your fingers or tweezers, as you are likely to empty the poison sac into the body. Wash the sting area / wound site with soap and warm water, keep the site at, or below heart level, and apply a cold pack to reduce swelling, and to slow the spread of the poison. If serious symptoms develop, contact a physician or the EMS.

The treatment for spider bites is similar to bee stings, although the symptoms can be much different. A black widow spider emits a neurotoxin that affects the nervous system of the victim. Although rarely fatal, it can cause nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing or swallowing, sweating, salivating, as well as pain, swelling and redness near the bite area. The brown recluse’s poison causes more localized damage, and does not affect other parts of the body. It will cause pain, scarring, and often large areas of necrosis, or tissue death.



Snakes exist in almost every part of the world. Of the approximately 8000 snake bites each year, however, fewer than 12 result in fatality. This is due in part to the fact that about two thirds of all poisonous snake bites involve little or no venom; these are called “dry bites.” Baby snakes are more dangerous in this regard as they have not yet learned to save their venom for prey. If venom is injected, symptoms will begin rapidly and include pain, swelling, weakness, dizziness, fever, or chills. In the event of snakebite, immediately remove all constricting clothing and jewelry from the extremity. Wash the bite area with soap and warm water. Keep wound site at or below heart level, and seek immediate medical attention. Sometimes a constricting band may be used on snakebite, but it must not significantly affect circulation and it should be loose enough for you to slip your fingers underneath.

Do Not apply ice to snakebites, as it may crystallize the venom and compound the reaction.

Do Not attempt to “cut and suck” the venom, even using kits. In order to be effective, the suction must be applied almost immediately, and the danger of severing an artery can outweigh the danger from the venom.
Although dogs do not inject venom, their bites can be damaging to tissue and often infectious as well. If a dog has rabies, it can transmit the disease to a human by a single bite. If a bitten individual suspects rabies, control the victim’s bleeding, treat for shock, and contact a physician for treatment. It may then be necessary to locate the dog in order to determine whether it is infected. An infected individual must receive a series of shots to control the disease, which can be fatal if untreated.

Jellyfish can cause red, painful, rash-like symptoms, which may spread, to the hands and face of the victim if contacted. Rinse thoroughly with water and apply vinegar or baking soda to stop the pain.

Stingrays are flat, round sea creatures that will inject a venomous barb into the leg or foot of an individual unlucky enough to step on them. The barb releases a protein into the body which may cause the victim to go into shock. Additionally, bits of the barb may remain in the wound and pose an infection risk. Initial treatment includes immersing the wound in hot, non-scalding water. Keep the wound below heart level, and see a physician for any potential infection. Be alert for shock, and treat as necessary. Shuffling your feet can often alert the stingray of your presence and allow it the opportunity to leave.

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Spring is approaching are you flood ready?

As snows melt, waters rise. Flooding is a coast to coast threat to the United States and its territories nearly every day of the year.

If you know what to do before, during, and after a flood you can increase your chances of survival.



Flooding typically occurs when prolonged rain falls over several days, when intense rain falls over a short period of time, or when an ice or debris jam causes a river or stream to overflow onto the surrounding area. Flooding can also result from the failure of a water control structure, such as a levee or dam. The most common cause of flooding is water due to rain and/or snowmelt that accumulates faster than soils can absorb it or rivers can carry it away.

With Spring heading our way, think about your potential risk from snowmelt and ice jam flooding – these impact most areas far from any snow, in the low lands where the water heads.

Snowmelt flooding occurs when the major source of water involved in a flood is caused by melting snow. The northern tier states and mountainous areas of the U.S. are particularly susceptible to snowmelt flooding. Unlike rainfall that can reach the soil almost immediately, the snowpack can store the water for an extended amount of time until temperatures rise above freezing and the snow melts. This frozen storage delays the arrival of water to the soil for days, weeks, or even months. Once it begins to melt and does reach the soil, water from snowmelt behaves much as it would if it had come from rain instead of snow by either infiltrating into the soil, running off, or both. Flooding can occur when there is more water than the soil can absorb or can be contained in storage capacities in the soil, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

High soil moisture conditions prior to snowmelt can contribute to snowmelt flooding. Rainfall during the late fall is particularly important because there is less evapotranspiration and less time for the soil to drain and dry before it freezes. Ground frost or frozen soil is another contributor. Deep, hard ground frost prevents snowmelt from infiltrating into the soil. Cold temperatures prior to heavy snowfall and normal or above normal soil moisture contribute to this.

Deep snow cover can worsen snowmelt flooding since there is more water stored and available for snowmelt. Also, when snow cover is widespread, it usually keeps air temperatures cooler and delays spring warming, which increases the potential for more rapid snowmelt. Rain falling while snow is still on the ground contributes more water for flooding and helps to melt the snowpack, thus rain-on-snow events are watched carefully.

Most often, snowmelt is a relatively slow phenomenon. Snowmelt rates are usually comparable to light or moderate rainfall. Important exceptions to this can occur, especially during unusually warm periods with high dew point temperatures, and when nighttime temperatures remain above freezing. Snowmelt rates can be much higher than normal under these conditions, which can increase the risk of snowmelt flooding.
Ice jams are common during the winter and spring along rivers, streams and creeks in the higher latitudes of the continental U.S. as well as in Alaska. Many of the record flood events along major rivers in Alaska are the result of ice jams Debris jams can occur at any time of year and have the same implications as an ice jam. As ice or debris moves downstream, it may get caught on any sort of obstruction to the water flow. When this occurs, water can be held back, causing upstream flooding. When the jam finally breaks, flash flooding can occur downstream.

Typically, an ice jam is resolved when the ice melts. With debris jams, the options are to take measures to remove the jam or wait for the debris to break free. In addition to causing flooding, these jams may also have economic and ecological implications. They might delay or suspend navigation along a waterway, affect hydropower operations, or cause damage to vessels. Jams can cause riverbank erosion, impede migration of aquatic creatures and adversely impact wildlife habitats. Loss of life has also been attributed to flooding caused by ice and debris jams.

Snowmelt and the breakup of river ice often occur at about the same time. Ice jams often form as a result of the sudden push exerted on the ice by a surge of runoff into the river associated with snowmelt. Ice jams can act as dams on the river that result in flooding behind the dam until the ice melts or the jam weakens to the point that the ice releases and moves downstream. A serious ice jam will threaten areas upstream and downstream of its location. Six inch thick ice can destroy large trees and knock houses off their foundations. Once an ice jam gives way, a location may experience a flash flood as all the water and debris that was trapped, rushes downstream.

Approximately seventy-five percent of all Presidential disaster declarations are associated with flooding. Below are the most common flood hazards to impact the United States.

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Cities across the country are gearing up for America’s PrepareAthon!

 

America’s PrepareAthon Spring 2015 is next Month. Next month, the University of Kansas (KU) will hold its first ReadyCampus event beginning with a full-scale tornado drill on March 3. This drill will use the university’s outdoor siren and Emergency Alert System to notify students, who can also participate in several “mini drills” during the official ReadyCampus event on March 4.



Activities will include a texting-while-driving simulator, KU Police Department personal safety drills, fire preparedness training from local fire departments, and emergency preparedness training from KU emergency management. Along with the event’s drilled actions, participating university and community partners will be on-hand with displays, demonstrations, and information for students, faculty, and staff.

Also, the city of Smyrna, Georgia will conduct its second annual Ready Smyrna PrepareAthon! campaign to promote a community tornado drill on March 20. This year’s campaign will prepare area churches, businesses, daycares, and assisted living facilities for disasters. City employees and local schools will also participate in the event, which is being organized by Smyrna’s Citizen Corps Council.

Smyrna was the first city in the nation to fully participate in America’s PrepareAthon! and won the John D. Solomon Whole Community Preparedness Award during the 2014 FEMA Individual and Community Preparedness Awards in September 2014.

Want to plan a preparedness event for your family or community? Get started today! America’s PrepareAthon! has FREE planning guides, toolkits, and creative materials to prepare communities for six hazards:

• America’s PrepareAthon Hurricane
• America’s PrepareAthon – EarthQuake
• America’s PrepareAthon – Floods
• America’s PrepareAthon Tornado
• America’s PrepareAthon – Wildfire Safety
• America’s PrepareAthon – Winter Storms

Most of these resources are available in other languages, including Spanish, Japanese, and French.

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QuakeSmart for Business

What happens to your business if the earth trembles, rumbles, quakes and shakes? Servers go down. Phones go out, equipment and inventory gets damaged. Is your business QuakeSmart?

• What to do during Earthquake?
• Earthquakes
• Earthquakes Can Happen at Any Time of the Year
• EarthQuake Readiness
• Sudden, Violent, and Without Warning
• Building and Sustaining Preparedness: A National Campaign
• Keep Your Retail Business Safe

With earthquakes, it’s not a matter of if; it’s a matter of when. This video message from the Federal Alliance for Safe Homes (FLASH) illustrates the unpredictability of earthquakes and the impact tremors can have on businesses.

Therefore, it is important for business owners to take steps to the ensure safety of their employees and customers. Learn about seismic risk, business continuity, disaster response, and the benefits of preparing your business for earthquakes and other business interruptions at the QuakeSmart Business Summits.


FEMA and FLASH created the QuakeSmart Community Resilience Program to walk business owners through a step-by-step process to:

• Identify their risk by completing the “Back to Business” self-assessment;
• Develop a plan to reduce potential injury and property damage (mitigation); and
• Take action using the QuakeSmart Business Toolkit.

In addition, the program allows employers to apply for recognition as a member of the QuakeSmart Community. Benefits of participating in the program include:

• A QuakeSmart Resilient Community Member window cling to announce to customers and employees that you’ve taken steps to secure your business;
• A QuakeSmart Resilient Community Member web badge to display on your company website; and
• A sample news release to announce your participation in the QuakeSmart Community Resilience Program.

The Small Business Association estimates that 75 percent of organizations without a continuity plan will fail within three years of a disaster. Get prepared by joining the QuakeSmart Community Resilience Program today! Employers can also find valuable information in the America’s PrepareAthon! Prepare Your Organization for an Earthquake Playbook, which provides businesses with tools and resources to support preparedness discussions, tabletop exercises, and more.

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Freezing in the NorthEast and Blazing in the SouthWest!

Weird Weather this Winter.

While in the Southwest we are concerned with heat illnesses and dehydration, the Northeast is under Blizzard warning and Texas is worried about frostbite, hypothermia, blackouts and extreme cold!


Read more at Weather.com

Finding Warming Centers

 

Some parts of the country experience brutally cold temperatures during winter months. When the mercury dips, many communities open warming centers to help individuals without heat escape the frigid weather.
Warming centers can be found in your area library, police station, senior center or school. Operating hours and accommodations at these centers vary so check with the facility before you go. Also, some centers may provide water, food, or basic sanitary facilities. Make plans to bring your disaster supply kit with you to ensure you’ll have the items you require. Items in your kit can make your visit to warming centers more comfortable, especially if your stay extends for several days.

Many open centers coordinate with a federally mandated phone information system to communicate hours and locations. Visit 211.org to find a warming center in your area. You can also use these services to request a well-being check for someone who may be suffering from extreme weather, report inadequate heating in a residential building, and more.

If these services are not available in your area, please contact your local Office of Emergency Management.

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Bandages, Ambulances and Mud

This is pretty cool. We’ve talked about the History of First Aid in past articles, but this British Exhibit shows real first aid in action.
In this presentation, First Aid Nursing Yeomanry in WWI; Bourne Hall Museum Kids Club, Kids (and Parents!) get to meet brave women who rescued the wounded and gave first aid on the battlefield during the Great War.
The re-enactors will visit a children’s history club and demonstrate first aid techniques at Bourne Hall Museum in Ewell at the weekend.
The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, known as FANY, was made up of pioneering women who were determined to do their bit.
The kids club says: “Ignoring objections that women shouldn’t go to the front line, and initially rejected by the British Army, these fearless ladies rolled up their sleeves and went to France and Belgium to care for the wounded.
“Enduring many hardships and dangers, the FANY regularly drove ambulances up to the front line to collect wounded troops.”

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Vintage First Aid Kits

They are so cool. Whether turn-of-the-century (last century) U.S. brands, or vintage euro-first aid, they’re hot. They are all over eBay, Etsy, even Wired Magazine did a recent feature, calling them “the prettiest way to dress a wound.” (Somehow Wired doing a feature on Vintage seems to be an Oxymoron.)
Nevertheless, as much as we may love these kits ourselves, too, don’t think to use them in an emergency! Topical and Oral Medications expire, and decades-old bandages won’t stick and are unlikely to still be sterile.
Be sure to have a nice, fully stocked, modern first aid kit on hand for first aid treatment – but enjoy decorating with the funky vintage kits!

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Cold Stress

What is Cold Stress? Why is it an issue?

As Weather Ready Nation Ambassadors, we’ve “harped” on Winter Cold, and the changing climate. Why? Because we want our readers to be ready for the cold… it’s not like it used to be “Winter is Coming” warns the Game of Thrones… well, it is true! Global warming has caused colder winters and areas that never had to think about it in the past need to be winter ready these days.

• Winter is bristling cold… are you being safe? Warm?
• Is Your Home Emergency Kit Ready for Winter?
• Winterize your wheels with these emergency items
• Killer Winter Weather
• Be Winter Storm Smart
• Winter Safety means being Prepared

What is cold stress?

What constitutes cold stress and its effects can vary across different areas of the country. In regions that are not used to winter weather, near freezing temperatures are considered factors for “cold stress.” Increased wind speed also causes heat to leave the body more rapidly (wind chill effect). Wetness or dampness, even from body sweat, also facilitates heat loss from the body. Cold stress occurs by driving down the skin temperature, and eventually the internal body temperature. When the body is unable to warm itself, serious cold-related illnesses and injuries may occur, and permanent tissue damage and death may result. Types of cold stress include: trench foot, frostbite, and hypothermia.
For more information, see OSHA’s Cold Stress Safety and Health Guide.
Winter weather creates a variety of hazards that can significantly impact everyday tasks and work activities. These hazards include slippery roads/surfaces, strong winds and environmental cold.
Learning how to prepare for work during the winter, protect workers from the cold and other hazards that can cause illnesses, injuries, or fatalities, is essential to maintaining a safe work environment and completing tasks successfully.

Who is affected by environmental cold?

Environmental cold can affect any worker exposed to cold air temperatures and puts workers at risk of cold stress. As wind speed increases, it causes the cold air temperature to feel even colder, increasing the risk of cold stress to exposed workers, especially those working outdoors, such as recreational workers, snow cleanup crews, construction workers, police officers and firefighters. Other workers who may be affected by exposure to environmental cold conditions include those in transit, baggage handlers, water transportation, landscaping services, and support activities for oil and gas operations.
Risk factors for cold stress include:

• Wetness/dampness, dressing improperly, and exhaustion
• Predisposing health conditions such as hypertension, hypothyroidism, and diabetes
• Poor physical conditioning

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Attention Drivers: Research Car Safety Before Buying

Car safety standards have changed drastically over the years. For example, seat belts were not required in vehicles until 1968 when the U.S. Department of Transportation issued a mandate to all auto makers. New York became the first state to require seat belts be worn by drivers and front-seat passengers in December of 1984. Today, 49 of the 50 states and Washington D.C. have either primary or secondary seat belt requirements, according to the Governor’s Highway Safety Association. New Hampshire is the only state that does not require adults over age 18 to wear seat belts. In addition, front air bags have been required in cars since 1998. And, many cars now include side air bags as well.

So, when you’re looking to buy a new or used car, how do you know if it is safe? The NHTSA’s New Car Assessment Program introduced the 5-Star Safety Ratings Program in 1978. The more stars a vehicle receives, the safer it is in collision and rollover situations. The program was modified in 1997 to include side crash ratings. Most new vehicles require Monroney labels, which contain their safety rating, to be displayed in the windows. This means if you’re looking for a new or used car online or in person, you can know how safe it is.

How Does the 5-Star Rating Work?

Keep in mind, not all new vehicles are given a safety rating. The NHTSA typically chooses vehicles that are predicted to sell at high volumes as well as those that have been substantially modified from the previous year’s model. All vehicles, however, must comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards to be sold in the U.S.

To test these cars, the NHTSA purchases selected vehicles and places crash test dummies in both the driver and passenger seats. The cars are then crashed head-on into a stationary target at 35 mph. Instruments then measure the damage done to the dummy’s head, neck, legs and other body parts. However, the crashes only give an indication of potential bodily harm when the car collides with a similar-sized vehicle. This means that a small passenger car versus a semi-truck will yield different results.

The side collision test is performed with one dummy in the driver seat and another in the rear driver-side seat. A 1.5 ton barrier is crashed into the side the dummies are sitting. One star means you are at risk of serious injury, whereas a five-star rating means the risk is less. Rear collision tests are not done due to budget constraints.

Furthermore, in 2011, the NHTSA made their ratings more comprehensive. One major change was using a small female dummy versus a medium male dummy so results are more representative of the American population. A side pole test also was added.

Are 5-Star Cars More Expensive?

The good news is that safety doesn’t necessarily mean expensive. For example, the Toyota Prius received a 5-star rating and can be purchased for under $25,000. Similarly, the Honda Civic received a 5-star rating and can be found for under $17,000. Although most affordable options are small sedans, the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado and 2014 GMC Sierra pickups received 5-star ratings.

For more information on safety ratings, visit safecar.gov.

Auto Survival Kits

Roadside Emergency Kits for the Unexpected – Auto Survival Kits… From our AAA Severe Weather Road Kit to the Economy Road Warrior Kit, we offer a broad selection of Auto Emergency Kits like the Urban Warrior Kit, Mountain Road Warrior Kit & High Visibility Incident Unit.

Auto Emergency Accessories

Auto Emergency Accessories – From Tire Gauges and emergency tire inflator kits to Emergency Reflecting Triangles, Fix-A-Flat & emergency Escape Window Punch, We have auto Emergency Strobes, Battery Jumper Cables & Traffic Cones. We even have emergency Travel Blankets to stay warm in a roadside emergency.

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